It didn’t escape exactly…the map is more depicting degrees than a binary safe/not-safe. So Poland lost 25% of its population, Milan only lost 15%, so they’re in grey on that map.
As to Poland, there are a couple of factors noted.
- First, Poland was further off the beaten path in terms of trade routes and the like compared to southern and eastern Europe, so there were fewer vectors there.
- Second, as a result, Poland had a bit more time to prepare, and King Casimir (III) the Great set up external and internal quarantines, where any travelers had to remain outside the walls of the city for a given number of days until it was clear they weren’t contagious.