Given the benefits attached to the status and all those Disney movies, I have to ask, was impersonating a highborn person an occurrence during the Middle Ages? Were there any mechanisms in place to prevent a rich merchant from claiming to be a small unknown landholder from a distant part of the country (ala Littlefinger) or from another country entirely while being able to perform nobility financially?

Yep, it did happen! We know, in part, because there were laws passed establishing penalties for impersonating a member of the nobility. 

It tended not to be rich merchants who did this sort of thing, since they had the option of just buying their way in legit-like, but more often medieval confidence men and other tricksters who were keen to profit off the social mores or status of the nobility. 

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