Well, the Anglo-Saxon version of jarl is actually “earl.” In Anglo-Saxon England, earls were powerful regional lords who controlled multi-shire domains – Wessez, East Anglia, Northumbria, etc. – who had the right to the “third penny” (i.e, one third of all royal revenue collected), and who had broad authority both military and judicial over their earldoms.
“Thane” means servant, but it efers to specifically the (usually military) retainer of a king or nobleman who is themselves of noble birth but who lacks the status of an earl or high-reeve. Thanes were given land by their overlord to support them and the men they were supposed to bring with them to serve their king in war, thanes had a role in local administration and criminal law, and they could only be judged by their overlord. Thanes were below earls and aethelings, but above carls.
Aetheling means a (male) member of the royal family, someone eligible for the kingship, but as I mentioned earlier this meant any of the sons or brothers of the king.
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