Could have sworn I had done this on tumblr, but a search didn’t turn up anything, so here goes:
the North – cross between Scotland and Northern England, but generally Celtic.
Iron Islands – Scandinavia in the Viking era.
the Eyrie – a cross between Switzerland and Wales. Lots of mountains and valleys, lots of castles filled with knights oppressing the former occupants.
the Riverlands – I’ve always thought of them as Medieval Poland; lots of knights, but no natural defenses and powerful neighbors.
the Reach – Medieval France in the height of chivalry.
the Westerlands – possibly medieval Germany? Rather mountainous, lots of mining, known for craftsmanship and trade.
Dorne – Medieval Spain with a strong Moorish influence, although as GRRM has said, there’s strong Welsh elements there too
Stormlands/Crownlands – I get more of a Medieval English vibe, given their longstanding feuds with the Dornish and the Reach.